3.2 The Struggle without Bloodshed (through literature and
      negotiations)

Presentation

By the 20th century, there was awareness among local leaders of using mind and words to fight for independence rather than using arms and force. The emergence of Malay intellectuals encouraged a struggle through diplomacy and negotiations. Besides, the people had to be stirred with the spirit of nationalism. Organizations and mass media (especially newspapers) were used to stir the spirit. The media gave lots of opportunities to the people to submit and receive important information from leaders.

Among the most influential newspapers are:

1. Al-Imam
2. Utusan Melayu
3. Neracha
4. Saudara
5. Warta Malaya
6. Majlis

3.2 The Struggle without Bloodshed (through literature and
      negotiations)

Meanwhile, among the influential clubs, associations and union in this stage of struggle are:

Name	Aim
Singapore Malay Union	To encourage the Malays to be involved in the government
Selangor Malay Union	To force the British to increase Malay participation in the administration and to improve the economic, political and social situation of the Malays
Perak Malay Union	To improve the economic status and education of the Malays
Young Malay Union (Kesatuan Melayu Muda)	To fight for Malay interests and the integration of Malaya with Indonesia under the concept of Melayu Raya.