| 1) | Raghib Al Sirjani, Al Andalus: From Rise to Fall (Al Maktaba Al Waqfiya, 2008). |
| 2) | Masudul Hasan, History of Islam (Classical Period 571-1258 C. E.) (Islamic Publications (Pvt.) Ltd. |
| Pakistan) |
| 3) | Abul Hasan Ali Nadawi, Islam and the World, (International Islamic Federation of Student Organization, |
| Saudi Arabia) |
| 4) | Raghib Al Sirjani, Between History and reality (Al Maktaba Al Waqfiya, 2008). |
| 5) | Ibn Kathir, Al Bidaya wa Al Nihaya (Dar Ihya' Al turath Al Araby, 1988). |
| 6) | Aziz Al-Azmeh and Effie Fokas, Islam in Europe: Diversity, Identity and Influence, (Cambridge University |
| Press 2007). |
| 7) | Khalid Blankinship, The Spread of Islam, in World Eras: Rise and Spread of Islam, 622-1500, |
| S. L. Douglass, ed. (Farmington, MI: Gale, 2002), pp. 230-232. |
| 8) | Richard Bulliet, Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period: An Essay in Quantitative History (Cambridge, |
| Mass: Harvard University Press, 1979). |
| 9) | Bulliet, Islam: the View from the Edge (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994) |