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The ability of components to be developed autonomously is the crucial qualitative property of the components of |
| large systems. |
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Batch COBOL systems must often be combined with services of confederations. An example is massive data |
| reconstruction. |
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Data-oriented systems (DOS) appeared after the success of modern database systems. |
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Data types were known, and various known operations could be defined over the same data. |
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Moreover, properly designed data structures can be used for many other potential operations - that is, the | |
| data enabled many further operations not specified yet. It was and still is supported by the power of SQL | ||
| language. |
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The data orientation must be applied in confederations when the services are intelligent, especially if | |
| management activities must be supported. |
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Technically, it implies data analysis and presentation tools. There are, however, problems with common | |
| database schema and data replication. |