3.1 Introduction


In this lecture we study software systems engineering, process management and control, and project planning
and management.
We present essential concepts, principles, and techniques relating to the project management aspects of
software engineering.
Software project management is of significant importance to the success of software development projects.
Tools and techniques such as Gantt Charts, PERT/CPM, and Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) will be
discussed in this lecture.
Project management three key metrics are cost, schedule and functionality (performance).
Project management must balance these key metrics throughout the whole duration of the development cycle
of the project in order to have a successful project.
Project management covers nine project management knowledge areas (project integration, scope, time,
cost, quality, human resource, communications, risk and procurement management), and five software
processes of planning, organizing, staffing, directing and control of the project.
In order for the project management to be successful, a project manager must have good technical,
management, administrative, and communication skills.

3.1 Introduction


People are the essential for project management and they can be organized in teams with different assigned
responsibilities in the project management.
Software engineering project management is more difficult than other engineering project management
because:
Software engineering discipline is relatively newer than other engineering disciplines.
There are no well-defined standards for developing software products compared to standards that exist for
developing other engineering products.
This lecture is organized as follows:
We start in section 2 with the definitions of projects and project management.
Section 3 presents the significance of project management.
Section 4 presents tools and techniques used in project management.
Section 5 presents the software used in project management.
Section 6 presents software project management metrics.
Finally, section 7 presents the estimation model.

3.1 Introduction


What is project management?
Project management is the field of planning, organizing, securing and managing projects to bring about the
successful completion of specific project objectives and goals.
Project management can also be defined as the "application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to
project activities in order to meet and achieve project requirements while respecting project constraints such
as time, cost, budget and quality".
There are three constraints that exist for project management: scope, time and cost. Project management
adjusts these factors to produce a successful project.
Project management covers the following sub-components (project management knowledge areas):
Project scope management:
The project scope management knowledge area defining and managing all the processes that
control the work to accomplish the project successfully.
These processes ensure that all project works are included.
Each process has a set of tools and mechanisms to convert input into output.

3.1 Introduction


Project time management:
Project time management knowledge area describes the procedures and practices that are
needed to make sure the project is completed on time.
This includes estimation of the time period required to complete the work, and developing an
acceptable project schedule.
Project cost management:
Project cost management knowledge area describes the procedures that need to be put in place
in order to make certain that the project is accomplished without going over the allocated budget.
This is affected by the cost of the resources that are used during the project.
It is also concerned with managing the project budget.
Project quality management:
Project quality management knowledge area is concerned with ensuring that both the outputs and
the processes of the project meet and satisfy the stated or implied requirements and
specifications of the customers.

3.1 Introduction


The three processes associated with project quality management are quality planning, perform
quality assurance, and perform quality control.
Project human resource management:
Project human resource management knowledge area is concerned with of allocating human
resources among various project processes, units, and components to maximize the use of
personnel resources to achieve project aims and goals.
It includes implementing the activities of the workforce through identification of staff and personnel
requirements such as wages, bonuses and reimbursements.
Also, training is offered to the workforce in order to improve their personal, professional and
educational development and help them balance their work-life needs.
Project communications management:
Project communications management knowledge area is concerned with keeping all members of
the project management team connected with each other.
It is essential for the continuity of all team members and project stakeholders' connectivity where
there can be a breakdown in project processes which could have a bad impact on the final project
if the communication is broken.

3.1 Introduction


Project communications management also identifies all people or organizations influenced by the
project, and it document any relevant information regarding their interests, involvement, and their
impact on project success.
Project risk management:
Project risk management knowledge area is concerned with the process of identifying,
understanding, quantifying and managing the risks of the project.
It includes developing risk response and control.
It also deals with threats to the project and opportunities where threat should be minimized and
opportunities maximized.
Project procurement management:
Project procurement management knowledge area is concerned with acquiring, purchasing,
procuring products and services for a project from outside the performing organization staff and
working base in order to complete the project successfully.
Project procurement management also includes responsibility of the contracts between the
company (or team within the company) that is completing the project and the contractors to
provide services and products to the company.

3.1 Introduction


Project integration management:
Project integration management knowledge area affects and is affected by all of the other
knowledge areas.
It is concerned with the day-to-day actions of the project management to ensure that all parts of
the project work together.
It is made up of the planning of the project development, project execution and the 'change'
control that occurs within projects.
In Project integration management, the project manager identifies combines and coordinates
various project management activities and processes critical to achieving project success and
meeting stakeholders' expectations.
The project integration is achieved when the project manager successfully unifies and coordinates
the discrete components of project management and to create a productive project environment
where processes and tasks are combined into a single project management workflow.

3.1 Introduction


These project management knowledge areas use functions, techniques, and tools to facilitate the
management of different areas of the project and achieve given project goals and objectives.
In project management framework stakeholders are the people involved or affected by project activities.
They include the project team, support staff, project sponsor, customers, users, supplies, and even opponents
to the project.

Significance of project management
The significance of project management comes from the fast that project cost a lot amount of money to plan
for, and design. For example,
United States of America spends $2.3 trillion on projects every year that is equal to 1/4 of the nation's
GDP.
The world spends $10 trillion on projects out of its $40.7 trillion GDP.
More than 6 million people regard project management as their profession disappointingly.
In addition, the project management structure is essential to the success development projects.
The growing importance of the project management role, mainly, the scale and scope of projects has grown
through the development of collaborative networks such as social sciences.

3.1 Introduction


Without adequate commitment to support the project management role, many collaborative projects would not
progress smoothly.
Project management provides the following advantages to organizations and companies:
It makes better control of financial, physical, and human resources.
It improves customer relations.
It shortens project development time and lowers project cost.
It makes the project higher quality and increased reliability.
It makes better internal project coordination.