Learning Outcome

After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

   Differentiate between managers and non-managerial employees.

   Understand levels of managers in organizations.

   Define term management.

   Explain why efficiency and effectiveness are important to management.

   Describe Management Functions.

   Explain categories of management roles.

   Describe the three managerial skills.

   Describe the characteristics of an organization

   Explain how the concept of an organization is changing

Learning Outcome

   Describe the current trends and issues facing managers.

   Explain the universality of management concept.

   Describe principles of Islamic management; and its characteristics.